This book discusses the physical properties of noble fluids, operational principles of detectors based on these media, and the best technical solutions to the design of these detectors. Essential attention is given to detector technology: purification methods and monitoring of purity, information readout methods, electronics, detection of hard ultra-violet light emission, selection of materials, cryogenics etc.
The book is mostly addressed to physicists and graduate students involved in the preparation of fundamental next generation experiments, nuclear engineers developing instrumentation for national nuclear security and for monitoring nuclear materials.
Based on results from the past ten years, this ready reference systematically describes how to prepare, carry out, and evaluate animal studies for cancer therapies, addressing the widely recognized lack of reliable and reproducible results.
Following a short historical introduction and a discussion of the ethics surrounding animal experiments, the book describes correct study design as well as the handling and housing of animals. It then goes on to describe the animal models available for different cancer types, from natural cancer models in mice and dogs to humanized animals. An evaluation of previously unpublished long-term data from the Swiss canine and feline cancer registry is also included. The final part of the book reviews the lessons learned over the last decade on how to interpret data from animal studies for improving human therapy and gives recommendations for future drug development.
This handbook provides the first-ever inside view of today's integrated approach to rational drug design. Chemoinformatics experts from large pharmaceutical companies, as well as from chemoinformatics service providers and from academia demonstrate what can be achieved today by harnessing the power of computational methods for the drug discovery process.
With the user rather than the developer of chemoinformatics software in mind, this book describes the successful application of computational tools to real-life problems and presents solution strategies to commonly encountered problems. It shows how almost every step of the drug discovery pipeline can be optimized and accelerated by using chemoinformatics tools -- from the management of compound databases to targeted combinatorial synthesis, virtual screening and efficient hit-to-lead transition.
An invaluable resource for drug developers and medicinal chemists in academia and industry.
This two-volume handbook offers a comprehensive and coordinated presentation of SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices), including device fundamentals, design, technology, system construction and multiple applications. It is intended to bridge the gap between fundamentals and applications, and will be a valuable textbook reference for graduate students and for professionals engaged in SQUID research and engineering. It will also be of use to specialists in multiple fields of practical SQUID applications, from human brain research and heart diagnostics to airplane and nuclear plant testing to prospecting for oil, minerals and buried ordnance.
While the first volume presents the theory and fabrication of SQUIDs, the second volume is devoted to applications. It starts with an important aspect of the analysis of measured magnetic signals generated by current sources (the inverse problem), and includes several chapters devoted to various areas of application, namely biomagnetism (research on and diagnostics of human brain, heart, liver, etc.), detection of extremely weak signals, for example electromagnetic radiation and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.
The volume closes with a chapter on motion detectors and the detection of gravity waves.
Written by experienced practitioners and teachers, this concise and comprehensive treatment on particulate flow covers both the theory as well as applications and examples from the oil and chemical industry.
Following a look at the basic concepts of probability theory, the authors goe on to examine the elements of microhydrodynamics, Brownian motion, and real liquids in turbulent flow.
Of interest for lecturers in physics, theoretical physicists and chemists, as well as chemical engineers.
The only work available to treat the theory of turbulent flow with suspended particles, this book also includes a section on simulation methods, comparing the model results obtained with the PDF method to those obtained with other techniques, such as DNS, LES and RANS.
Written by experienced scientists with background in oil and gas processing, this book is applicable to a wide range of industries -- from the petrol industry and industrial chemistry to food and water processing.
Structured in three parts this manual recollects efficient organocatalytic transformations around clear principles that meet actual standard in asymmetric synthesis. Chapters were written by acknowledged leaders of the organocatalysis field, and are presented in a concise way. Volume 1: Privileged Catalysts gives insight to readers to the continuously increasing variety of catalysts, and the relatively complex interactions that make organocatalytic reactions selective. An appendix recollects catalyst structures with the adequate cross-references. Volume 2: Activations covers the fundamental activation types (non-covalent and covalent activations) and helps understanding the importance of physical parameters, and in particular, the role of water, that influences reactivity and selectivity. Volume 3: Reactions and Applications highlights transformations by reaction types. The final part of this volume is dedicated to application in multistep synthesis and industrial applications.
Considering the ever increasing interest in the organocatalysis field, the book aims addressing to a large audience: to academic, and, industrial researchers, students and teachers who are interested in synthetic organic chemistry at advanced level. This book provides non-specialists with an introduction to the topic as well as serving as a valuable source for newcomers and researchers searching for an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of this promising area of synthetic organic chemistry.
A complete and timely overview of the topic, this volume imparts knowledge of fundamental principles and their applications for academicians, scientists and researchers, while informing engineers, industrialists and entrepreneurs of the current state of the technology and its utilization.
Each article is uniformly structured for easy navigation, containing the latest research & development and its basic principles and applications, examples of case studies, laboratory and pilot plant experiments, as well as due reference to the published and patented literature.
In this reference leaders at the forefront of research provide an insight into one of the hottest topics in organic synthesis, focusing on the most important enantioselective reactions.
Clearly structured, each entry begins with a concise introduction, including a mechanistic discussion of the reaction, followed by preparative guidelines for newcomers, such as carefully selected working procedures with critical notes for bench chemists, rules of thumb and tips and tricks.
A systematic outline of the basic theory of oscillations, combining several tools in a single textbook. The author explains fundamental ideas and methods, while equally aiming to teach students the techniques of solving specific (practical) or more complex problems.
Following an introduction to fundamental notions and concepts of modern nonlinear dynamics, the text goes on to set out the basics of stability theory, as well as bifurcation theory in one and two-dimensional cases. Foundations of asymptotic methods and the theory of relaxation oscillations are presented, with much attention paid to a method of mappings and its applications.
With each chapter including exercises and solutions, including computer problems, this book can be used in courses on oscillation theory for physics and engineering students. It also serves as a good reference for students and scientists in computational neuroscience.
A complete and timely overview of the topic, this volume of the encyclopedia imparts knowledge of fundamental principles of polymer blends.
Each article is uniformly structured for easy navigation, containing the latest research & development and its basic principles and applications.
Imparts the similarities and differences between ratified and condensed matter, classical and quantum systems as well as real and ideal gases. Presents the quasi-thermodynamic theory of gas-liquid interface and its application for density profile calculation within the van der Waals theory of surface tension. Uses inductive logic to lead readers from observation and facts to personal interpretation and from specific conclusions to general ones.
Focusing on a description of the technologies and methodologies for computer-aided conceptual design, this book covers the design, modeling and simulation of micropower generation devices. The articles are authored by internationally recognized experts in the field, who take the reader from fundamentals and design aspects to numerous power generation strategies and system engineering. The comprehensive coverage also extends to fuel processing, energy conversion, material and heat management, device operation, economics and quality control.
For materials scientists, chemists, physicists, process engineers and those in power technology.
Filling the gap for a book that covers not only plasma in gases but also in liquids, this is all set to become the standard reference for this topic. It provides a broad-based overview of plasma-chemical and plasmacatalytic processes generated by electrical discharges in gases, liquids and gas/liquid environments in both fundamental and applied aspects by focusing on their environmental and green applications and also taking into account their practical and economic viability.
With the topics addressed by an international group of major experts, this is a must-have for scientists, engineers, students and postdoctoral researchers specializing in this field.
Finally filling a gap in the literature for a text that also adopts the chemist's view of this hot topic, Professor Likhtenshtein, an experienced
author and internationally renowned scientist, considers different physical and engineering aspects in solar energy conversion.
From theory to real-life systems, he shows exactly which chemical reactions take place when converting light energy, providing an overview of the chemical perspective from fundamentals to molecular harvesting systems and solar cells.
This essential guide will thus help researchers in academia and industry better understand solar energy conversion, and so ultimately
help this promising, multibillion dollar fi eld to expand.
From the contents:
* Electron Transfer Theories
* Principle Stages of Photosynthetic Light Energy Conversion
* Photochemical Systems of Light Energy Conversion
* Redox Processes on Surface of Semiconductors and Metals
* Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
* Photocatalytic Reduction and Oxidation of Water
Filling a gap in the literature and all set to become the standard in this field, this monograph begins with a look at computational viscoelastic fluid mechanics and studies of turbulent flows of dilute polymer solutions. It then goes on discuss simulations of nanocomposites, polymerization kinetics, computational approaches for polymers and modeling polyelectrolytes. Further sections deal with tire optimization, irreversible phenomena in polymers, the hydrodynamics of artificial and bacterial flagella as well as modeling and simulation in liquid crystals.
The result is invaluable reading for polymer and theoretical chemists, chemists in industry, materials scientists and plastics technologists.
When Wittig first developed and described phosphorus ylides, nobody could have imagined how useful and versatile this class of compounds could be. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date compilation of the chemistry and applications of phosphorus ylides in organic synthesis. The ylides are discussed as reagents in the synthesis of a broad range of substances, amongst them olefins, acetylenes, cyclic and heterocyclic compounds, in such naturally occurring compounds as pheromones, steroids and carotenoids, and pharmaceutically and biologically active compounds such as antibiotics and prostaglandins.
A particularly beneficial feature of this book is the 150 key experimental procedures with all the necessary data, allowing the preparation to start immediately without the need for an extremely time-consuming literature search. But should a search prove inevitable, around 2,500 references provide easy access to the primary literature.
Every chemist in academia and industry working in organic, bioorganic, inorganic, and medicinal chemistry will welcome this book as an inspiration of concepts, ideas and practical syntheses.
A complete and timely overview of the topic, this Encyclopedia imparts knowledge of fundamental principles and their applications for academicians, scientists and researchers, while informing engineers, industrialists and entrepreneurs of the current state of the technology and its utilization. The most comprehensive source on polymer blends available on the market Offers a complete and timely overview of the topic Each article presents up to date research & development on a topic and its basic principles and applications, integrates case studies, laboratory and pilot plant experiments, and gives due reference to published and patented literature Equips academics, scientists and researchers with knowledge of fundamentals principles and their applications, and informs the engineers, industrialists and entrepreneurs about the state of the art technology and its applications
This is a book for developers of catalysts, and for practitioners working in the field of design, operation, and optimization of chemical reactors in which heterogeneous catalysis is performed. It is designed to give a better understanding of the phenomena which can influence catalyst performance. Since two disciplines, chemistry and chemical engineering, meet in catalyst research and development, this book covers the chemical point of view for engineers, and the engineering point of view for chemists.
It starts with an introduction explaining selectivity, activity and effectiveness providing the fundamentals for the newcomer. Catalyst preparation and catalyst testing are also described.
A method is introduced that can be used to calculate the effectiveness of catalyst pellets as a function of shape, size, pore size, type of kinetics and diffusion, and temperature and pressure conditions. Optimization of catalysts and troubleshooting are also covered. This is a book without any rilvals because of its practical relevance.
Authored by one of the leading experts in the field, this is the only comprehensive overview of chiral organophosphorus compounds, from asymmetric synthesis to catalysis and pharmacological applications.
As such, this unique reference covers the chemical background as well as spectroscopical analysis of phosphorus compounds, and thoroughly describes all the various synthetic strategies for these substances. Metal-, organo- and biocatalyzed reactions for the introduction of phosphorus are explained as are asymmetric oxidation and reduction methods for the preparation of all possible oxidation states of phosphorus. The text also includes industrial applications for these compounds.
Of particular interest to chemists working in the field of asymmetric synthesis, as well as to the pharmaceutical industry due to the increasing number of phosphorous-containing drugs.
This comprehensive handbook and ready reference details all the main achievements in the field of perovskite-based and related mixed-oxide materials. The authors discuss, in an unbiased manner, the potentials as well as the challenges related to their use, thus offering new perspectives for research and development on both an academic and industrial level.
The first volume begins by summarizing the different synthesis routes from molten salts at high temperatures to colloidal crystal template methods, before going on to focus on the physical properties of the resulting materials and their related applications in the fields of electronics, energy harvesting, and storage as well as electromechanics and superconductivity. The second volume is dedicated to the catalytic applications of perovskites and related mixed oxides, including, but not limited to total oxidation of hydrocarbons, dry reforming of methane and denitrogenation. The concluding section deals with the development of chemical reactors and novel perovskite-based applications, such as fuel cells and high-performance ceramic membranes. Throughout, the contributions clearly point out the intimate links between structure, properties and applications of these materials, making this an invaluable tool for materials scientists and for catalytic and physical chemists.
Edited by the two top experts in the field with a panel of International contributors, this is a comprehensive up-to-date review of research and applications.
Starting with the basic physical principles of laser cooling of solids, the monograph goes on to discuss the current theoretical issues being resolved and the increasing demands of growth and evaluation of high purity materials suitable for optical refrigeration, while also examining the design and applications of practical cryocoolers.
An advanced text for scientists, researchers, engineers, and students (masters, PHDs and Postdoc) in laser and optical material science, and cryogenics.
Although ceramics have been known to mankind literally for millennia, research has never ceased. Apart from the classic uses as a bulk material in pottery, construction, and decoration, the latter half of the twentieth century saw an explosive growth of application fields, such as electrical and thermal insulators, wear-resistant bearings, surface coatings, lightweight armour, or aerospace materials. In addition to plain, hard solids, modern ceramics come in many new guises such as fabrics, ultrathin films, microstructures and hybrid composites.
Built on the solid foundations laid down by the 20-volume series Materials Science and Technology, Ceramics Science and Technology picks out this exciting material class and illuminates it from all sides.
Materials scientists, engineers, chemists, biochemists, physicists and medical researchers alike will find this work a treasure trove for a wide range of ceramics knowledge from theory and fundamentals to practical approaches and problem solutions.
Although ceramics have been known to mankind literally for millennia, research has never ceased. Apart from the classic uses as a bulk
material in pottery, construction, and decoration, the latter half of the twentieth century saw an explosive growth of application fields, such as
electrical and thermal insulators, wear-resistant bearings, surface coatings, lightweight armour, and aerospace materials. In addition to plain,
hard solids, modern ceramics come in many new guises such as fabrics, ultrathin films, microstructures and hybrid composites.
Built on the solid foundations laid down by the 20-volume series Materials Science and Technology, Ceramics Science and Technology picks
out this exciting material class and illuminates it from all sides. Materials scientists, engineers, chemists, biochemists, physicists and
medical researchers alike will fi nd this work a treasure trove for a wide range of ceramics knowledge from theory and fundamentals to practical approaches and problem solutions.
